Many tales have been lost, and almost all that have survived exist today only in Chinese or Mongolian translations. Still, much of the unique character that is Manchu, even the personality of the individual clans and tribes of the Manchu, shows through, giving us a rare glimpse into what this fascinating culture once was.

Pack Carnes is professor of Japanese studies and folklore at Lake Forest College in Lake Forest, Illinois. He is the author of numerous books and articles on language studies and folklore. Part two, addressing hunter-hero legends, will appear in our next issue.