In their magnificent “dragon boats,” the fearsome raiders needed only one meter of draft water for their deadly forays. The fearlessness of the Vikings was bolstered by their belief in an array of supernatural beings. They admired their gods for what they saw as virile qualities: brutality, anger, lust, and humor. The gods were also respected for their virtues: courage, strength, and guile. Norse literature depicted the gods in human form with human traits, dwelling together as a large family. Like the individuals who created them, they were violent, ardent, and passionate. They waged war, held assemblies, and ruled over the Scandinavian world with an iron hand.

None is so just and generous
as not to gladden at a gift.
None so abstinent or openhanded
to refuse a just reward.

Solitude and Company
When I was young
and walked alone,
alone I lost my way.
I felt rich
when I found company.
Man delights in man.

Keeping Your Name Alive
A son is better
though last begotten
of an old and ailing father.
Only your kin
will proudly carve
a memorial at the main gate.

A strong code of ethics was needed, since the Vikings were essentially peasants.  They inhabited villages in Denmark and Sweden and large, communal houses or farms in Norway and Iceland.  Viking society consisted of three classes: slaves, freemen, and chieftains.  Their lives were regulated by assemblies, in which laws were made and strict justice was meted out.  They esteemed highly the bonds of brotherhood and the daily rhythm of toil.  Above all, blood ties were sacred.  To bring a stain upon one’s own family was an unforgivable crime.  And the fierce, often ruthless gods held Viking society firmly in place.